Effects of Fusarium solani on AMPK phosphorylation and IL-6 expression in corneal epithelial cells / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective:To investigate the expression of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in corneal epithelial cells and the effects of fungus on AMPK phosphorylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in corneal epithelial cells.Methods:The human immortalized corneal epithelial cell line was selected.The safe concentration range of AMPK agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) (100, 300, 500, 1 000 μmol/L) and inhibitor Compound C (10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0 μmol/L) on corneal epithelial cells was screened by multi-function real-time unlabeled cell analyzer.Corneal epithelial cells without any treatment were used as the normal control group, and those co-cultured with spores were used as the spore control group.Corneal epithelial cells co-cultured with spores were treated with AICAR and Compound C for 4 hours in the AICAR group and Compound C group, respectively.The expression of phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK) and AMPK in corneal epithelial cells was detected by Western blot, and the concentration of IL-6 in the culture supernatant was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:After treatment with different concentrations of AICAR for different periods, there was no statistical significance in the cell index of corneal epithelial cells (all at P>0.05). The cell index of corneal epithelial cells was increased with 10.0 μmol/L and 12.5 μmol/L Compound C treatment compared with that of the normal control group.The expression levels of p-AMPK were 0.67±0.15, 2.57±0.12, 3.67±0.58 and 1.50±0.50, respectively, in the normal control group, spore control group, AICAR group and Compound C group, showing a statistically significant difference among them ( F=32.820, P<0.001). The expression level of p-AMPK was significantly higher in the spore control group compared with the normal control group ( P<0.001). The expression level of p-AMPK in the AICAR group was higher than that in the spore control group, and the expression level of p-AMPK in the Compound C group was lower than that in the spore control group, and the differences were statistically significant (both at P=0.010). There was no significant difference in the relative expression level of AMPK among the four groups ( F=0.120, P=0.950). The expression levels of IL-6 concentration in the normal control group, spore control group, AICAR group and Compound C group were (107.81±17.15), (156.32±9.94), (167.96±14.16) and (127.42±19.75)pg/ml, respectively, showing a statistically significant difference among them ( F=15.210, P<0.001). The IL-6 concentration of the spore control group was higher than that of the normal control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.001). The IL-6 concentration of the AICAR group was higher than that of the spore control group, but the difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.260). The IL-6 concentration of the Compound C group was lower than that of the spore control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P=0.010). Conclusions:In corneal epithelial cells, AMPK phosphorylation is found, which is enhanced after fungal spores stimulation, and the secretion of IL-6 increases.

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Psychological Effects of Overactive Bladder in Chinese University Students / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of overactive bladder (OAB) in young adults and to explore the influence of OAB on mental health. @*Methods@#Between October 2019 and January 2020, 14,010 anonymous questionnaires were distributed to freshmen at 2 universities in Henan, China. The students came from all over the country. The questionnaire included general items and information necessary to calculate the overactive bladder symptom score, the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score, Self-Esteem Scale (SES) score, and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) score. The relationships between the prevalence of OAB and its risk factors were evaluated. @*Results@#The overall prevalence of OAB was 6.0%, with 4.3% of participants characterized as having dry OAB and 1.7% as having wet OAB. The prevalence of mild OAB was 5.5%, and that of moderate OAB was 0.5%; no severe OAB was observed. Higher prevalence rates of OAB were found among women, respondents with constipation, and respondents with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) (P <0.05). Compared to healthy controls, the OAB group exhibited a higher mean SDS score (52.12±8.986 vs. 47.71±9.399, P<0.001) and mean PSQI score (5.28±2.486 vs. 4.27±2.431, P<0.001), but a lower mean SES score (27.78±3.599 vs. 29.57±4.109, P<0.001). @*Conclusions@#OAB significantly affects the mental health of young adults. Female sex, constipation, and PNE are risk factors for OAB.

A novel pathogenic Colletotrichum species for rhizome rot disease of Polygonatum kingianum / 中国中药杂志

Rhizome rot disease is one of the main disease of planted Polygonatum kingianum. In this study, six strains of pathogenic fungus was isolated from P. kingianum samples with rhizome rot disease collected from six counties in Yunnan province. Its pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculation to healthy P. kingianum rhizome according to Koch's postulates. The colonies of the isolated fungi on potato dextrose agar(PDA) were orange with abundant crescentic conidia which were eseptate with a mean size of 19. 3-24. 9 μm×5. 2-5. 9 μm and a L/W ratio of 3. 4-4. 5. There was an oil ball in the center of the conidium. It's easy to see setae on PDA colony.The phylogenetic tree based on ITS, GAPDH, CHS-1, HIS3, ACT, and TUB2 sequences by maximum likelihood(ML) method indicated that the pathogenic fungus for P. kingianum rhizome rot disease was clustered into the clade of Colletotrichum spaethianum species complex, and was close to C. spaethianum. However, there were some differences in morphological and genetic characteristics between the pathogenic fungus and C. spaethianum. Therefore, the pathogenic fungus for rhizome rot disease of P. kingianum was identified as a new Colletotrichum species named C. kingianum. The disease spreads primarily due to the plantation of infected seedlings of P. kingianum. It is necessary to choose healthy seedlings and take rigorous disinfection measures for the disease prevention.

Promoting effect of platelets on macrophage inhibition and phagocytosis of fungi / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective@#To study the effects of platelets on macrophages phagocytosis and inhibition of fungi.@*Methods@#Macrophages were cultured, Fusarium Pythium spores were extracted and platelets were isolated from blood of mouse.Simple spore group, spore+ macrophage group and mixed platelet group were set, and were inoculated with fungal spore, equal proportion spore+ macrophage and platelet+ spore+ macrophage, respectively.The prepared plate was placed on a spinning disk laser scanning confocal microscope at 1 hour, 2, 3 and 4 hours after culture, five visual fields were randomly selected at the corresponding time points for photography.The phagocytic rate, phagocytic index and fungal spore germination rate were calculated.Fungal hyphae length of each group at 4, 6 and 8 hours after culture were calculated.The single macrophage group, spore+ macrophage group and mixed platelet group were set and the cytotoxicity was measured by real-time cell analyzer.The breeding and use of mice was in according with the ARVO statement.This study was approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Henan Eye Institute (HNEECA-2017-04).@*Results@#The phagocytic rate and phagocytic index of macrophages in mixed platelet group at 1 hour, 2, 3 and 4 hours after culture were significantly higher than those in spore+ macrophage group at corresponding time point (all at P<0.05). There were significant differences in spore germination rate at 1 hour, 2, 3 and 4 hours after culture among different groups (H=60.05, 37.89, 55.15, 60.52; all at P<0.001). The spore germination rates of spore+ macrophage group at 1 hour, 2, 3 and 4 hours after culture were lower than those of simple spore group, while the spore germination rates of mixed platelet group at 1 hour and 3, 4 hours after culture were lower than that of spore+ macrophage group, the differences were statistically significant (all at P<0.01). There were significant differences in fungal hyphae length at 4, 6 and 8 hours after culture among the three groups (H=13.76, 43.57, 60.87; all at P≤0.001). The fungal hyphae lengths of spore+ macrophage group at 4, 6 and 8 hours after culture were lower than those of simple spore group, and the fungal hyphae lengths of mixed platelet group at 6 and 8 hours after culture were lower than those of spore+ macrophage group at the corresponding time point.The differences were statistically significant (all at P<0.05). There was no significant difference in cell index between 0 hour, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after culture (F=0.02, 1.08, 1.61, 1.58, 2.52; all at P>0.05). There were significant differences in cell index among different groups at 30, 36, 42 and 48 hours after culture (F=10.81, 8.08, 5.61, 5.72; all at P<0.05). The cell indexes in spore+ macrophage group at different time points were significantly lower than those in simple macrophage group (all at P<0.01).@*Conclusions@#Platelets can promote the phagocytosis and inhibition of macrophages on fungi, and platelets may have antagonistic effect on fungal cytotoxicity.

Molluscicidal activity of 25% wettable powder of pyriclobenzuron sulphate against Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal activity of a novel molluscicide pyriclobenzuron against Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni in the mountain regions of Yunan Province, and test its toxicity to fish, so as to provide scientific evidence for the extensive application of this molluscicide in schistosomiasis-endemic foci of Yunan Province. Methods In the laboratory and snail-breeding field of Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, the molluscicidal activity of 5% wettable powder of pyriclobenzuron sulphate (25% PBU) against O. hupensis robertsoni was assessed by using the immersion and spraying method, and the acute toxicity of 25% PBU to carp fries was tested, while 25% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (50% WPNES) served as a control. Results The 1-, 2- and 3-day 25% PBU LC50 and LC90 values were 0.47, 0.25 and 0.23 mg/L, and 1.54, 0.61 and 0.49 mg / L for O. h. robertsoni by using the immersion method in laboratory, and immersion with 25% PBU at 1.0 mg / L for 1 day achieved a comparable molluscicidal efficacy in relative to 50% WPNES at 1.0 mg/L. Spraying with 25% PBU at 4.0 g/m2 achieved 1-, 3- and 7-day snail mortalities of 64.23%, 96.67% and 100.00% in laboratory, respectively, which were not significantly different from those caused by treatment with 50% WPNES at 1.0 g/m2 (all P values > 0.05). One-day field immersion with 25% PBU at doses of 1, 2 and 4 g/m3 resulted in snail mortalities of 90.00%, 93.33% and 100.00%, respectively, which were not significantly different from those caused by treatment with 50% WPNES at 1.0 g/m3 (all P values > 0.05), and 3-day field spraying with 25% PBU at doses of 2.0 and 4.0 g/m2 caused snail mortalities of 86.36% and 87.72%, respectively, which were not significantly different from those caused by 50% WPNES treatment (both P values > 0.05). The 24-, 48- and 72-hour LC50 values of 25% PBU to carp fries were 29.38, 24.62 and 23.38 mg/L, respectively, and no fish death was observed within 72 hours of exposure to 25% PBU at a concentration of 17.5 mg/L and lower. Conclusion 25% PBU is a novel, highly potent and environment-friendly molluscicide that is feasible in fish ponds, and the recommended dose is 1 g/m3 for field immersion and 2 g/m2 for field spraying in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunnan Province.

Molluscicidal activity of 25% wettable powder of pyriclobenzuron sulphate against Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal activity of a novel molluscicide pyriclobenzuron against Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni in the mountain regions of Yunan Province, and test its toxicity to fish, so as to provide scientific evidence for the extensive application of this molluscicide in schistosomiasis-endemic foci of Yunan Province. Methods In the laboratory and snail-breeding field of Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, the molluscicidal activity of 5% wettable powder of pyriclobenzuron sulphate (25% PBU) against O. hupensis robertsoni was assessed by using the immersion and spraying method, and the acute toxicity of 25% PBU to carp fries was tested, while 25% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (50% WPNES) served as a control. Results The 1-, 2- and 3-day 25% PBU LC50 and LC90 values were 0.47, 0.25 and 0.23 mg/L, and 1.54, 0.61 and 0.49 mg / L for O. h. robertsoni by using the immersion method in laboratory, and immersion with 25% PBU at 1.0 mg / L for 1 day achieved a comparable molluscicidal efficacy in relative to 50% WPNES at 1.0 mg/L. Spraying with 25% PBU at 4.0 g/m2 achieved 1-, 3- and 7-day snail mortalities of 64.23%, 96.67% and 100.00% in laboratory, respectively, which were not significantly different from those caused by treatment with 50% WPNES at 1.0 g/m2 (all P values > 0.05). One-day field immersion with 25% PBU at doses of 1, 2 and 4 g/m3 resulted in snail mortalities of 90.00%, 93.33% and 100.00%, respectively, which were not significantly different from those caused by treatment with 50% WPNES at 1.0 g/m3 (all P values > 0.05), and 3-day field spraying with 25% PBU at doses of 2.0 and 4.0 g/m2 caused snail mortalities of 86.36% and 87.72%, respectively, which were not significantly different from those caused by 50% WPNES treatment (both P values > 0.05). The 24-, 48- and 72-hour LC50 values of 25% PBU to carp fries were 29.38, 24.62 and 23.38 mg/L, respectively, and no fish death was observed within 72 hours of exposure to 25% PBU at a concentration of 17.5 mg/L and lower. Conclusion 25% PBU is a novel, highly potent and environment-friendly molluscicide that is feasible in fish ponds, and the recommended dose is 1 g/m3 for field immersion and 2 g/m2 for field spraying in schistosomiasis-endemic areas of Yunnan Province.

Relationship between Toxoplasma gondii infection and dysfunctional diseases of the hippocampus / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

The hippocampus, a crucial structure for neuronal plastic response, participates in various aspects of higher function of the brain. Toxoplasma gondii is prevalent in humans and seropositivity of toxoplasma is estimated to be more than 30% in the world. This review summarizes the recent findings on the role of toxoplasma infection in hippocampus-dysfunctional diseases with an emphasis on the underlying mechanisms. Those hippocampus-dysfunctional diseases include epilepsy, schizophrenia, cognitive disorder, and depression. Also, this review discusses the potential problems or limitations of previous studies on this subject, and at the same time raises novel strategies for treating hippocampus-dysfunctional diseases, especially cryptogenic or treatment-resistant diseases.

Gray mold disease of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and its pathogen identification / 中国中药杂志

Gray mold disease is one of the most important diseases of planted Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, the disease appeared primarily as blossom blights and fruit rots, but also as stem rots, leaf rots.In this study, the pathogenetic fungi was isolated from plant tissue or sclerotia that covering the fruit of diseased P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis, the pathogen was certified according to Koch's Postulation. The pathogen produced abundant black, irregular sclerotia on surface of diseased plants and potato dextrose agar. The conidiophores and clusters of oval conidia resembled a grape-like cluster, the size of conidia was 9.70-13.70 μm [average of (11.32±0.82)μm]×7.05-9.12 μm [average of (8.24±0.48)μm], the microconidia produced on potato dextrose agar were spherical,and the size was （3.34±0.31） μm,the pathogen was identified as Botrytis sp based on morphological characteristics. The DNA sequence analysis of the G3PDH, HSP60, RPB2 genes placed the pathogen in a single clade that outside defined species of Botrytis, so the pathogen could be identified as a new species of Botrytis. The pathogen requires 20 °C, pH 8, darkness or low light condition for the best growth.

Molluscicidal effect and mechanism of action of niclosamidate against Onco-melania hupensis / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of niclosamidate against Oncomelania hupensis in laboratory and explore its mechanism by determining the enzyme activities of six important enzymes in snail soft tissues.Methods O.hupensis snails were treated with niclosamidate at the concentration of 1.25 mg/L for 24 h and the snail soft tissues were separated and pre-pared for analysis.The enzyme activities of NOS,AChE,SDH,LDH,ACP and AKP were determined by ultraviolet spectropho-tometry.The morphology of the snail soft tissue was also observed.Results Niclosamidate exhibited a potent molluscicidal ef-fect against O.hupensis at the concentration of 5.00 mg/L with a mortality of 96.67% by the immersion method in laboratory.Af-ter immersed with niclosamidate(1.25 mg/L)for 24 h,the enzyme activities of NOS,AChE,ACP and AKP were significantly decreased compared with those of the controls(all P<0.01).There were no significant changes observed in the enzyme activi-ties of SDH and LDH(both P>0.05).Conclusion Niclosamidate possesses a potent molluscicidal effect against O.hupensis and its molluscicidal mechanism is probably by affecting the transmission of neurotransmitters,interfering with the circulation, metabolism and motor functions that require NO,and hindering the digestion and absorption of nutriments,which eventually re-sult in the death of the snails.

A discussion of the combined application value of FMEA and RCA in the IV infusion risk management / 中国医学装备

Objective:To explore the combined application effect of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) and root cause analysis (RCA) in IV infusion risk management of pediatric outpatient so as to enhance the quality of care and ensure the safety of outpatients.Methods: For this exploration, a special analysis team was established and the flowchart was drawn up, and the potential failure modes were listed by using FMEA. And the RCA was used to analyze and evaluate the key mode in these potential failure modes so as to find the root cause might affect the safety of IV infusion, and then the improved measures were implemented and the effects of new measurement were evaluated. Results:After implemented the improved measures, the risk of top 4 risk priority number (RPN) in intravenous infusion flow decreased obviously. For the transfusion management, patients' satisfaction increased from 78.09% to 95.03% (P<0.05), and nurses' satisfaction increased from 83.79% to 97.80%(P<0.05).Conclusion: The combined application of FMEA and RCA in the IV infusion risk management of pediatric outpatient can effectively reduce the occurrence of risk events, reduce nursing complaints and disputes, and enhance the quality of nursing care.

A review on the application of animal models in preclinical research of the treatment of liver diseases with mesenchymal stem cells / 中国实验动物学报

Chronic liver diseases can further develop to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Currently, there is no effective treatment except liver orthotopic transplantation at this point. The extreme shortage of liver organ source forced people to find alternative treatment strategies. Mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs) have the abilities of immunomodulatory, hepatocyte differentiation, promotion of liver cells regeneration in situ and inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells. Therefore, MSCs transplantation provides a very broad prospect for cell therapy. It is important to provide preclinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety before the application of cell therapy in clinical trials. The progress of various animal models of human liver diseasees and significance of using MSCs to treat liver diseases in preclincal studies based on these animal models were reviewed in this paper.

Effect of early enteral nutrition combined with thymosin alpha-1 on patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory failure / 肠外与肠内营养

Objective:To explore the effect of early enteral nutrition combined with thymosin alpha-1 (T-a1)on patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory failure.Methods:One hundred and thirty five patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were randomly divided into experimental A group (EN)(n =45),experimental B group (EN+T-a1)(n =45)and control group (n =45).In earlier period,experimental A group received Ruineng enteral nutrition,experimental B group received Ruineng enteral nutrition combined with intramuscular T-a1,whereas control group received general clinical therapy.The mechanical ventilation time,inflammatory index,nutritional index and T cell subset index were compared among three groups.Results:Compared to control group,nutritional index and T cell subset index in experimental A group were significantly higher while inflammatory index were lower (P ＜ 0.05),and mechanical ventilation time was shorter (P ＜ 0.05) after a week.Compared to experimental group A,nutritional and T cell subset index were significantly higher,inflammatory index were lower,and mechanical ventilation time was shorter (P ＜ 0.05) in experimental B group (P ＜ 0.05) after a week.Conclusion:Early enteral nutrition can shorten mechanical ventilation time,improve nutritional status,reduce inflammatory indicators,enhance immune function,and thereby improving clinical efficacy in patients with AECOPD combined with respiratory failure.Furthermore,early enteral nutrition combined with thymosinal treatment can improve clinical efficacy of AECOPD patients with respiratory failure.

1α,25( OH) 2 D3 regulates expression of lubricin of chondrocytes in rat articular cartilage / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of vitamin D on synthesis and secretion of lubricin in chondrocytes at the cellular level. Methods Rat articular chondrocytes were stimulated by TNF-α. Normal and inflammatory chondrocytes were treated by different doses of vitamin D respectively. ELISA and Western Blot were used to detect the secretion of lubricin in the supernatant and the synthesis level in the cells. Results TNF-α significantly reduced the activity of both normal chondrocytes and chondrocytes in inflammatory state. TNF-α also significantly reduced the expression of lubricin in the cells and supernatant. 1α,25(OH)2D3 increased the activity of both normal chondrocytes and chondrocytes in inflammatory state. 1α,25(OH)2D3 significantly elevated the secretion and expression of supernatant and intracellular lubricin only in chondrocytes stimulated by TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner, but not in normal chondrocytes. Conclusions Vitamin D can promote the secretion and expression of lubricin in inflammatory state chondrocytes, which may act as one of the mechanisms of vitamin D protecting the cartilage surface in osteoarthritis.

1α,25( OH) 2 D3 regulates expression of lubricin of chondrocytes in rat articular cartilage / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of vitamin D on synthesis and secretion of lubricin in chondrocytes at the cellular level. Methods Rat articular chondrocytes were stimulated by TNF-α. Normal and inflammatory chondrocytes were treated by different doses of vitamin D respectively. ELISA and Western Blot were used to detect the secretion of lubricin in the supernatant and the synthesis level in the cells. Results TNF-α significantly reduced the activity of both normal chondrocytes and chondrocytes in inflammatory state. TNF-α also significantly reduced the expression of lubricin in the cells and supernatant. 1α,25(OH)2D3 increased the activity of both normal chondrocytes and chondrocytes in inflammatory state. 1α,25(OH)2D3 significantly elevated the secretion and expression of supernatant and intracellular lubricin only in chondrocytes stimulated by TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner, but not in normal chondrocytes. Conclusions Vitamin D can promote the secretion and expression of lubricin in inflammatory state chondrocytes, which may act as one of the mechanisms of vitamin D protecting the cartilage surface in osteoarthritis.

Antiviral Activity of Dual-acting Hydrocarbon-stapled Peptides against HIV-1 Predominantly Circulating in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>New rationally designed i,i+7-hydrocarbon-stapled peptides that target both HIV-1 assembly and entry have been shown to have antiviral activity against HIV-1 subtypes circulating in Europe and North America. Here, we aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of these peptides against HIV-1 subtypes predominantly circulating in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The antiviral activity of three i,i+7-hydrocarbon-stapled peptides, NYAD-36, NYAD-67, and NYAD-66, against primary HIV-1 CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE isolates was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The activity against the CRF07_BC and CRF01_AE Env-pseudotyped viruses was analyzed in TZM-bl cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We found that all the stapled peptides were effective in inhibiting infection by all the primary HIV-1 isolates tested, with 50% inhibitory concentration toward viral replication (IC50) in the low micromolar range. NYAD-36 and NYAD-67 showed better antiviral activity than NYAD-66 did. We further evaluated the sensitivity of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC Env-pseudotyped viruses to these stapled peptides in a single-cycle virus infectivity assay. As observed with the primary isolates, the IC50s were in the low micromolar range, and NYAD-66 was less effective than NYAD-36 and NYAD-67.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Hydrocarbon-stapled peptides appear to have broad antiviral activity against the predominant HIV-1 viruses in China. This finding may provide the impetus to the rational design of peptides for future antiviral therapy.</p>

Knowledge and attitude of nursing interns towards needle stick injury be-fore clinical practice / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To investigate nursing interns’knowledge and attitude towards needle stick injury before clinical practice.Methods In 20-23 June,2015,nursing interns who were about to start clinical practice in a hospi-tal were investigated,nursing interns’knowledge and attitude towards needle stick injury were surveyed through questionnaire.Results A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed,324 (92.57%)responded questionnaires were available.40(12.35%)questionnaires were responded by male interns,and 284(87.65%)were by female in-terns;34(10.49%)interns had bachelor degree;the mean age of interns were (20.83 + 1 .24)years old.The correct answer rates about questions related to injury occurring during needle recapping and wearing gloves were low (about 60%).About 70% of the interns gave the correct answers to questions about hepatitis B infection due to needle stick injury following hepatitis B vaccination,as well as medication after injury.Score for individual question about attitude towards needle stick injury was ≤3,the major related problems were susceptibility of blood borne diseases and recapping needles.Conclusion Needle stick injury-related knowledge and attitude among nursing interns is inadequate,including recapping needles,timely report,susceptible to infectious diseases,and so on.It is necessary for schools and teaching hospitals to strengthen the education about occupational protection among nursing interns, so as to improve the attitude and ability of professional protection.

Distinctive Drug-resistant Mutation Profiles and Interpretations of HIV-1 Proviral DNA Revealed by Deep Sequencing in Reverse Transcriptase / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate distinctive features in drug-resistant mutations (DRMs) and interpretations for reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) between proviral DNA and paired viral RNA in HIV-1-infected patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-three HIV-1-infected individuals receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy were recruited to participate in a multicenter AIDS Cohort Study in Anhui and Henan Provinces in China in 2004. Drug resistance genotyping was performed by bulk sequencing and deep sequencing on the plasma and whole blood of 77 samples, respectively. Drug-resistance interpretation was compared between viral RNA and paired proviral DNA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with bulk sequencing, deep sequencing could detect more DRMs and samples with DRMs in both viral RNA and proviral DNA. The mutations M184I and M230I were more prevalent in proviral DNA than in viral RNA (Fisher's exact test, P<0.05). Considering 'majority resistant variants', 15 samples (19.48%) showed differences in drug resistance interpretation between viral RNA and proviral DNA, and 5 of these samples with different DRMs between proviral DNA and paired viral RNA showed a higher level of drug resistance to the first-line drugs. Considering 'minority resistant variants', 22 samples (28.57%) were associated with a higher level of drug resistance to the tested RTIs for proviral DNA when compared with paired viral RNA.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Compared with viral RNA, the distinctive information of DRMs and drug resistance interpretations for proviral DNA could be obtained by deep sequencing, which could provide more detailed and precise information for drug resistance monitoring and the rational design of optimal antiretroviral therapy regimens.</p>

Comparative analysis of seven marine biological source of mineral drugs / 中国中药杂志

The marine biological source of mineral drugs recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010 version) mainly including pearl, nacre, clam shell, common oyster shell, ark shell, cuttle bone, and sea-ear shell are widely used in clinical. Calcium carbonate and a small amount of protein are the main components in this type of drugs. In this paper, a systematical and comparable study were carried out by determination of calcium carbonate by EDTA titration method, the crystal of calcium carbonate by X-Ray powder diffraction and the total amino acids (TAAs) of the hydrolyzed samples by ultraviolet spectrophotometry method. As a result, the crystal structure is calcite for common oyster shell, mixture of calcite and aragonite for nacre and sea-ear shell, aragonite for the other drugs. The content of calcium carbonate ranged from 86% to 96%. Cuttle bone has the highest amount of TAAs among the seven drugs which reached 1.7% while clam shell has the lowest content of 0.16% on average. In conclusion, an effective method was developed for the quality control of marine mineral drugs by comprehensive analysis of calcium carbonate and TAAs in the seven marine mineral drugs.

Screening for virulence strains of Metarhizium against Dorysthenes hydropicus pascoes / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of the present study was to screen the Metarhizium strains with high virulence against the larvae of Dorysthenes hydropicus, a serious pest of Citrus grandis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Thirty six strains of Metarhiziums were isolated from the soil of C. grandis GAP base and collected from other institutions, and the pathogenicity of these strains against 1st instar larvae of D. hydropicus was detected at concentration of 1 x 10(8) conidia/g. The high violence strains against D. hydropicus were cultivated in sabouraud dextrose yeast medium at first, then transfer to rice grain. And the sporulations of these violent strains against D. hydropicus were detected.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Twenty-eight strains showed virulence against D. hydropicus by preliminary study, and 7 strains of them were collected for further study, 6 of the 7 showed high virulence, the highest cadaver rate was higher than 74%. The conidia production of strain 1 and strain 4 were 2.35 +/- 0. 25 (1 x 10(9) conidia/g), 2.21 +/- 0.27 (1 x 10(9) conidia/g), respectively, showed significantly higher than other strains.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Strain 1 and strain 4 of the 36 Metarhiziums strains showed high virulence against D. hydropicus, and the highest sporulation ability, so they have a best application prospect.</p>

HIV-1 co-receptor usage of patients experienced anti-retroviral therapy / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate HIV-1 co-receptor usage in patients experienced anti-retroviral therapy (ART) in Anhui and Henan province of China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 45 HIV-1 infected individuals who have experienced ART and 109 un-experienced ART patients from Anhui and Henan province, which were called as treatment group and treatment-negative group, were selected as study subjects. HIV-1 strains were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of whole blood from patients. HIV-1 p24 in the culture supernatant was measured using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. HIV-1 co-receptor usage was identified using Ghost cell lines expressing CD4 and the chemokine receptor CCR5 or CXCR4.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 45 HIV strains from the treatment group, 22 (48.9%) strains used CCR5 as a co-receptor (R5 tropic strain), 21 (46.7%) strains used CXCR4/CCR5 as a co-receptor (X4/R5 duel tropic strain), and 2 (4.4%) used only CXCR4 as a co-receptor (X4 tropic strain). In 109 strains from treatment-negative group, 96 (88.1%) strains used CCR5 as a co-receptor (R5 tropic strain), 13 (11.9%) strains used CCR5/CXCR4 as a co-receptor use (X4/R5 strain). A significant difference was found between two groups in X4 co-receptor usages (χ(2) = 27.30, P < 0.05). Furthermore, after treated with AZT + DDI + NVP, the HIV-1 CXC4/CCR5 utilization was 59.09% (13/22), meanwhile after treated with D4T + DDI + NVP, the HIV-1 CXC4/CCR5 utilization was 43.48% (10/23), which the difference was not statistical significant (χ(2) = 1.10, P = 0.30).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HIV-1 CXCR4/CCR5 co-receptor utilization was higher in ART patients than treatment-negative patients.</p>